紫色土减磷配施有机肥的磷肥效应与磷素动态变化

为探索长江上游稻油轮作系统减少农田磷素流失和有效提高磷肥利用率的最佳施肥模式,降低磷对水体富营养化的影响,采用长期田间定点试验并结合室内试验分析,研究了化肥配施猪粪和水稻秸秆还田对紫色土磷肥效应及磷素迁移的影响。结果表明:在常规作物施肥基础上配合施用有机肥,适当减少化学磷肥施用量,对作物产量没有显著的减产效应,且能在一定程度上减少农田磷素损失,提高磷肥利用率。水稻磷肥利用率总体表现为常规施磷量减20%+猪粪有机肥(MDP)常规施磷量减20%+秸秆还田(SDP)常规施肥+猪粪有机肥(MP)常规施肥+秸秆还田(SP)≈优化施肥(P),各处理利用率在20%~25%之间。油菜磷肥利用率总体表现为SDPMDPMPSPP,各处理利用率在17%~29%之间。在水稻生长前一个月内,田面水总磷含量随着施磷水平的增加而增加,其中常规施肥(P)比不施磷肥(P0)处理总磷含量高4倍左右。各处理中磷含量大小表现为PMPSPMDPSDPP0,配施有机肥可以提高稻田土壤对磷的吸附,降低前期土壤磷向水体中释放,配施秸秆比配施猪粪对减少土壤磷素流失效果更好,磷肥施用后的7~10天内是控制稻田磷素流失的关键时期。油菜蕾苔期的土壤有效磷含量较苗期明显降低,但在油菜开花期和收获后期,土壤有效磷含量明显上升,油菜生长花期以后是土壤有效磷淋失的主要时期。有机无机肥配施可以显著提高土壤有效磷含量。化学磷肥减量并配施有机肥是应对农业面源污染"控源节流"的较好措施。     

M45型多旋翼植保无人机减量施药对稻飞虱防治效果的影响

目的 研究多旋翼植保无人机减量施药对雾滴沉积效果以及稻飞虱防治效果的影响,促进水稻减量施药技术发展。方法 采用M45多旋翼植保无人机开展水稻施药田间试验,选取15.0和22.5 L/hm² 的施药液量,以及人工施药推荐剂量100%、90%、80%的3种减量农药剂量,研究不同施药液量和减量农药剂量对雾滴沉积效果以及稻飞虱防治效果的影响。结果 水稻冠层上部的雾滴沉积量明显优于冠层下部,2种施药液量以及3种减量农药剂量对雾滴沉积量的影响不显著;施药1周后稻飞虱数量显著减少。在相同施药液量条件下,减量农药剂量的变化对稻飞虱防治效果影响不明显。80%的农药剂量能满足稻飞虱防治要求。结论 无人机水稻施药作业中可选择80%的农药剂量进行减量施药。本研究可为水稻减量施药、减少水稻植保作业成本提供有益参考。     

Inhibition of orthotropic replacement shoots with auxin treatment on decapitated hoop pine,Araucaria cunninghamii,for seed orchard management

Seed production in orchards of Araucaria cunninghamii involves grafting plagiotropic scions (using a terminal-side graft) which exhibit a lateral growth habit onto decapitated stock trees. Decapitation effectively releases buds in the leaf axils of the stock plant from apical dominance and orthotropic replacement shoots develop rapidly. To prevent suppression of the grafted scion, frequent removal of orthotropic shoots is necessary. The trial application of several plant auxins at different concentrations to decapitated stock plants identified a suitable technique to simulate apical dominance and temporarily suppress the production of replacement shoots. The synthetic auxin IBA most effectively controlled the production and growth rate of replacement shoots with the least amount of damage to the treated tissues. Auxin application apparently enhanced the growth of lateral branches in the whorl immediately below the treated stem, suggesting that grafted scions would not be adversely affected by auxin treatment. Routine application of auxin to plagiotropic grafts will reduce maintenance costs in seed orchards and clone banks of A. cunninghamii.     

甘蔗减耕栽培法研究

比较常规耕作与减耕耕作栽培对甘蔗产量及品质的影响,结果显示,减耕植的甘蔗株高、产量及产糖量略高于对照,而甘蔗有效茎、单茎重及糖分变化不大,但缩短了栽培流程,降低了成本,减少了土壤流失。甘蔗减耕栽培行之有效。     

减氮及有机替代对马铃薯根系形态和产量的影响

田间研究减氮及有机肥替代对半干旱区膜下滴灌马铃薯不同发育时期根系生长的影响,并讨论其与产量形成的关系,为马铃薯高产高效栽培提供理论和技术依据。试验以青薯9号为试验材料,以常规施化学氮肥225 kg·hm^-2为对照(CK),设置两个减氮处理施70%化学氮肥(RN)和施50%化学氮肥(LN),以及两个有机肥替代处理80%化学氮肥+20%有机氮肥(LO)和60%化学氮肥+40%有机氮肥(HO)。结果表明,与对照相比,RN处理单株结薯数、中薯率和小薯率均未显著变化,大薯率下降0.32百分点,减产10.93%,HO处理单株结薯数增加了11.77%,大薯率和中薯率分别增加0.43和6.47百分点,增产19.01%。同时,HO处理较对照显著(P<0.05)增加了块茎形成期根长、根投影面积、根体积、根尖数和根分叉数,以及块茎膨大期根尖数。相关性分析表明,产量与苗期、块茎膨大期、淀粉形成期根长,及块茎膨大期根表面积、根体积、根尖数、根分叉数均呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关。因此,以90 kg·hm^-2有机氮和81 kg·hm^-2化学氮做基肥,54 kg·hm^-2化学氮于块茎形成期追施,可有效促进马铃薯根系生长和有效薯块的早期形成,保证单株结薯数及薯块的膨大和产量的增加。     

兰州市山旱地减量施肥对马铃薯生长发育及产量的影响

为探讨兰州市山旱地马铃薯生长发育的最佳施肥方式,采取随机区组设计进行田间试验。结果表明:在当地条件下,减量施肥处理A2马铃薯产量比对照A0增加57.88%,各项农艺性状指标也表现较好。推荐在兰州市山旱地马铃薯生产中推广应用肥料组配方案:N 40 kg、P_2O_5 40 kg、K_2O 20 kg、马铃薯配方肥30 kg、土壤调理剂30 kg(667 m~2用量)。     

Soil P and cation availability and crop uptake in a forage rotation under conventional and reduced tillage

Long‐term conservation tillage can modify vertical distribution of nutrients in soil profiles and alter nutrient availability and yields of crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of 14 yr of conventional (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) on soil macronutrient availability (0–5, 5–15, 15–30 cm) and uptake by Italian ryegrass and maize in a forage rotation under a temperate–humid climate (NW Spain). Soil contents of total C, plant available Ca, Mg, Na, K and P and their uptake by plants were evaluated over 2 yr. The three‐way ANOVA showed that tillage and its interactions with soil depth and sampling date have little influence on soil C and macronutrients contents (<13% of variance explained). In the topsoil layer, all studied variables (except K) increased in RT compared with CT, but they remained unchanged (C, Ca and Na) or decreased (Mg, K and P) in deeper layers. Crop yields were greater with RT than CT during the year with soil‐water‐deficit periods, while limited tillage effect was found in the other year. Whereas no differences were obtained for maize, nutrient concentration (Mg, Na, K and P) in ryegrass increased under RT. Conservation tillage improved surface soil fertility, maize yield and ryegrass nutrient content.